At the end of the nineteenth century, in Estraichnoveselitz, where a few Jews who engaged in trade lived, the Trade Exchange Center had a library with books and newspapers in German for German- speaking readers. They had an unassuming teacher, Mr. Morgenstern, who taught the young children of those merchants to pray, read and write in a plain Yiddish. When these children grew up, they were sent to Chernovitz to continue their education in public schools, where they studied in German and gradually lost the Yiddish that they had learnt. This educational situation continued until World War I broke out. By contrast, in Russian Noveselitz, parents educated their children in chederim...

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